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Pine nuts, also known as piñón (Spanish), pinoli (Italian), pignoli, or chilgoza (Urdu), are the edible seeds harvested from various species of pine trees belonging to the Pinaceae family, particularly the genus Pinus. Among the numerous species, only 29 provide edible nuts, with 20 being commercially traded due to their sizable seeds worth harvesting. In Asia, the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) are prominently harvested, with Russia leading in production of Pinus sibirica nuts, followed by Mongolia and Afghanistan.
In Europe, the stone pine (Pinus pinea) has been cultivated for over 5,000 years for its nuts, while wild pine trees have also been a source of pine nuts for centuries. North America boasts several species, including the Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), and Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides), harvested mainly by Native American and Hispano communities in the Western and Southwestern United States.
Pine nuts have a long history of culinary use, dating back to the Paleolithic period in Europe and Asia. They are commonly added to a variety of dishes, including meat, fish, salads, and vegetable dishes, and are a key ingredient in Italian pesto sauce. In Italian cuisine, they are featured in dishes like torta della nonna (granny's cake) and pignoli cookies. In Catalonia, marzipan balls covered with pine nuts, known as "Panellets," are a popular sweet treat.
Middle Eastern cuisine also incorporates pine nuts in dishes such as kibbeh, sambusak, and baklava. Traditional pine nuts from the stone pine (Pinus pinea) are preferred in Europe and the Middle East for their slender shape and consistent flesh, although Asian pine nuts are also used, especially in more economical preparations.
Pine nuts are not only prized for their culinary versatility but also for their nutritional value, containing thiamine (vitamin B1) and protein. In the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico, pine nut coffee, known as piñón, is a specialty with a deep, nutty flavor. Roasted and lightly salted pine nuts are often sold alongside roadsides in New Mexico, serving as both a coffee flavoring and a popular snack.
