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Ukraine, officially known as Україна (Ukraïna) in Ukrainian, is situated in Eastern Europe and is the second-largest country by area on the continent, trailing only Russia. It shares borders with Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, and Romania and Moldova to the south. Additionally, Ukraine boasts a coastline along the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Covering a vast area of 603,628 square kilometers (233,062 square miles), it supports a population of approximately 43 million, making it the eighth-most populous European nation. The capital and largest city of Ukraine is Kyiv.
Human habitation in the region of modern Ukraine dates back to 32,000 BCE. During the Middle Ages, it served as a significant center of East Slavic culture, with the Kievan Rus' forming the foundation of Ukrainian identity. Despite reaching its pinnacle in the mid-11th century, the Kievan Rus' gradually declined, culminating in its collapse due to the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. Over the subsequent six centuries, Ukraine witnessed numerous conflicts and was subject to rule by various powers, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Tsardom of Russia.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Cossack Hetmanate flourished before being partitioned between Poland and the Russian Empire. The aftermath of the Russian Revolution saw the emergence of a Ukrainian national movement, resulting in the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. However, this state was forcibly absorbed into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by the Bolsheviks, which later became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. Ukraine regained its independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Post-independence, Ukraine adopted a unitary republic system under a semi-presidential government, separating powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It declared itself a neutral state, maintaining limited military ties with Russia and other CIS countries while also pursuing a partnership with NATO in 1994. Political tensions rose in 2013 when President Viktor Yanukovych favored closer ties with Russia over the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement, sparking mass protests and leading to his overthrow in the Revolution of Dignity. Subsequently, Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, followed by the War in Donbas the following month and a full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022.
Despite its ongoing struggles with corruption and a lower-middle income economy ranking 74th in the Human Development Index, Ukraine remains one of the largest grain exporters globally due to its fertile land. It maintains memberships in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the GUAM organization, the Association Trio, and the Lublin Triangle.
