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The sperm whale, scientifically known as Physeter macrocephalus or cachalot, holds the distinction of being the largest toothed whale and predator on the planet. It stands as the sole surviving member of the Physeter genus, alongside the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the Kogia genus. This oceanic mammal boasts a global distribution, undergoing seasonal migrations for both feeding and breeding purposes. Socially, females and young males form cohesive groups, while mature males, or bulls, lead solitary lives outside of the mating season. Female sperm whales cooperate to protect and nurture their offspring, with birthing intervals ranging from four to twenty years and maternal care extending for over a decade. Despite their formidable size and strength, mature sperm whales face few natural threats, although pods of killer whales (orcas) may prey on calves and weakened adults.
Mature males typically reach lengths of around 16 meters (52 feet), with their heads constituting up to one-third of their total length. With the ability to dive to depths of 2,250 meters (7,382 feet), the sperm whale ranks as the third deepest diving mammal, surpassed only by the southern elephant seal and Cuvier's beaked whale. Utilizing echolocation and emitting vocalizations as loud as 230 decibels underwater, the sperm whale possesses the largest brain of any creature on Earth, weighing over five times more than that of a human. With a lifespan exceeding 70 years, sperm whales are revered for their spermaceti, a valuable substance from which the whale derives its name. Spermaceti was highly sought after by the whaling industry for its use in oil lamps, lubricants, and candles. Additionally, ambergris, a solid waxy byproduct occasionally found in the sperm whale's digestive system, remains prized for its fragrance-fixing properties in perfumes, among other applications. Although sperm whaling was a prominent industry in the 19th century, famously depicted in the novel Moby-Dick, the species is now protected under the International Whaling Commission moratorium and is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
