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Fur is a dense growth of hair covering the skin of mammals, comprised of a combination of oily guard hair on the outer layer and thick underfur beneath. This structure serves multiple purposes, including protection, sensory functions, waterproofing, and camouflage, with the primary function being thermoregulation.
There are various types of hair found in mammals:
- Definitive hair, which may shed after reaching a certain length.
- Vibrissae, known as sensory hairs, are commonly referred to as whiskers.
- Pelage consists of guard hairs, underfur, and awn hair.
- Spines are stiff guard hairs used for defense, as seen in porcupines.
- Bristles are long hairs used for visual signals, like the mane of a lion.
- Velli, or "down fur," insulates newborn mammals.
- Wool is long, soft, and often curly hair.
Hair length itself has minimal impact on thermoregulation. Instead, the density of fur plays a significant role in insulation value. For example, arctic mammals like the musk ox have dense fur to withstand extremely cold temperatures. In contrast, some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, aiding in cooling.
Mammalian coats vary in coloration, driven by factors such as camouflage, sexual selection, communication, and temperature regulation. Camouflage is particularly essential for concealing individuals from predators or prey. Additionally, coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, influencing mate selection.
Some arboreal mammals, like primates and marsupials, exhibit shades of violet, green, or blue skin, offering advantages in their habitat. The green coloration of sloths is a result of a symbiotic relationship with algae. Coat color can also be sexually dimorphic in many primate species.
Overall, the use of fur as clothing or decoration is controversial, with animal welfare advocates objecting to trapping, killing of wildlife, and confinement on fur farms.
